The Politics of Identity in the BARMM: An Analysis of how the Creation of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao has Reshaped or Reinforced Ethnic and Sub-Ethnic Identities and Bangsamoro Nationalism

Abstract

The establishment of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) in 2019 marked a significant political milestone in the long struggle of the Bangsamoro people for self-determination. While BARMM was envisioned as a unifying political project, its implications for ethnic and sub-ethnic identities within the region remain contested. This study examines how the creation of BARMM has reshaped or reinforced ethnic and sub-ethnic identities and how political structures influence identity representation and unity. Employing a quantitative research design, survey data were collected from 100 residents of Lanao del Sur using Likert-scale questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were utilized to analyze identity perceptions, political representation, and unity across ethnic and sub-ethnic groups. Findings reveal strong ethnic pride and general agreement that communities are recognized within the broader Bangsamoro identity. However, perceptions of political representation remain mixed, with clan- and family-based politics continuing to influence leadership and decision-making. Chi-square analyses indicate significant relationships between identity perceptions, political representation, and unity, underscoring the role of governance structures in shaping social cohesion. While BARMM has contributed to increased optimism, peace-building, and intergroup cooperation, persistent sub-ethnic divisions and uneven socio-economic benefits highlight ongoing challenges. The study concludes that inclusive political representation and equitable development are crucial to strengthening Bangsamoro nationalism while respecting ethnic diversity within the autonomous region.